Andrew Carnegie signature

Angle of the letter strokes from vertical. Positive angles lean right; negative angles lean left.

The signature has a forward slant (+38°). The blue-green guides show the lean of strokes across the name.

Direction of the writing line from the beginning to the end of the signature.

The writing line stays nearly level (+0.6°). The red guide follows the base of the letters, separate from lower loops and flourishes.

Height of the opening letter relative to the typical letters that follow. 1× means similar heights.

The opening stands 2.3 times as high as the following letters. The purple box marks its area; the dashed blue guide marks the letter-body band.

Closed spaces surrounded by ink, counted across the whole signature.

There are 8 enclosed loops in the sample. Orange outlines locate them. Compare their size and placement within the name.

Separate connected areas of ink in the image. Dots or detached letters can form additional groups.

The signature contains 6 main ink groups. The visible ink is divided into separate shapes. Look at where those shapes join or separate.

Share of the signature’s enclosing rectangle occupied by ink.

Ink covers 8% of the measured signature area; the rest is open space. This describes how filled the shape is, rather than how hard the pen pressed.

Length of a lower underline or flourish compared with the full signature width.

A lower underline or flourish spans about 36% of the name’s width. Its highlighted area shows how much emphasis sits beneath the letters.

Height of the rightmost ending above or below the baseline, in typical letter heights. Positive is above; negative is below.

The ending sits close to the writing line (+0.3 letter heights). The orange guide locates the finish relative to the red baseline.

Full ink width divided by full ink height, including the signature’s tall and low strokes.

The shape is 5.1 times as wide as it is high. Its ink spans 1629 × 317 image pixels. Compare the horizontal spread with the vertical reach of the capitals and loops.

Total traced stroke length divided by signature width. More turns and retraced shapes add length.

The traced strokes total 5,072 pixels, about 3.1 times the signature’s width. Look for loops, turns and flourishes that add movement within that width.

Number of corners per 100 pixels of traced ink outline. Higher values indicate more frequent sharp turns.

The outline contains about 6.2 corners per 100 pixels. Inspect the turns in the pen-path layer and compare pointed changes of direction with rounded curves.